Spots to overfold at 2NL

Question too general, answers might be very specific. Try posting a hand, communicating about hands is a skill in itself.

Answering in general. Crying calls on the river where you are given pot odds to call, might feel wrong but be right in the sense that your usual experience will be losing, you need quite a big sample size to get good feedback on whether a 1/3 (pot) or even 1/4 and 1/5 calls are right. Especially since river spots are rare, and if the pot is big enough to cause you concern, that's even rarer, and causes a lot of variance.

Maybe spend a disproportionate amount of time studying these spots, actually go through your opponent's hands, do maths on the combos. You might drastically reduce your learning feedback loop and EV uncertainty by doing so.

Never call triple barrels by IP with a bluffcatcher, unless you're up against the BTN and he is a competent reg (if there is any at 2nl) or an aggressive recreational.

*This is valid for higher than 2nl as well 😀

Studying what makes a good and a not so good bluffcatcher should be on your list by now.

When you think in terms of range construction, defending vs polarized range etc.. it will start to fit together I think. When new to poker unless you have very high intuition it will just take a long period of pattern recognition, trial and error etc.. to understand how populations and certain player types play different hands. Play 1 table and really focus on spots, don't get put off by losing calls just remember the required equity you need and over time your thinking will get better.

If your site allows huds, you should definitely get one. I overfold to anything vs 11/10/4 (yes there are still players like this) and underfold vs 60/40/25. It very often depends on the player type - some players just randomly get it in their head to minclick river IP, and vs others it means absolute nuts trying to milk you. Take notes.

Sometimes if you get pot odds, you are supposed to mostly lose, eg opponent bets 1/4 pot on the river, you could lose 80% of the time and still print money by calling.

To answer your question in general without regards for the situation/player type (also grain of salt as im a losing player, albeit not a total novice):
-a lot of people dont have proper 3/4b range preflop, meaning they dont bluff enough. You could overfold to those
-if you open from sb and get 3b by bb, same story
-actually, any 3bets from bb, nobody plays a proper polarised range and the option to just call and see a flop is too lucrative for most people
-triple barrels
-overbets (depending on the player type, but most players dont bluff by overbetting at all in my experience, ymmv)
-raising in position on late streets

I did have a calling problem and in some areas i still do. Stuff i did to combat it:
-use a hud and pay attention to it. Set up an orange color tag for nits and dont pay them off. Set up a "bet river and won" stat, color it red if its >60, pay attention to it. Use cbet, cbet turn, cbet river stats. I personally dont use 4bet/fold to 4bet/5bet stats in my main hud, but i look at them in the popup when relevant. Beware of low samples though, i personally have ran over 50 vpip for a hundred hands when i just hadnt been dealt a card lower than a ten.
-learn implied odds thresholds and pay attention to stacks. No reason to call a 13bb 3b from a guy with 40bb stack to "setmine"
-think about ranges and how tight/wide they are (will elaborate below)
-categorize your hand (premium made, marginal/bluffcatcher, draw, trash). Dont be afraid to just throw away the trash. Know how much are you willing to put in the pot with marginal hands and draws.
-realise that most people arent "out to get you" or "bullying you", they just have a good hand. Not all people and not in every scenario, but i feel like personally im better off throwing those "game flow" thoughts out of my head and focusing on ranges and actions in the current hand. You never have to "take a stand", even if a guy is trying to run you over, you will punish him when he bluffs into your nuts sooner or later

Thinking about ranges: when facing a bet with a marginal/bluffcatcher hand, especially on the river (you call/raise with premiums, toss the trash and there arent any more draws), think about the opponents whole range getting here and the stuff that you beat and that you lose to. You could count combos (if a guy could realistically have AA, KK or AK: AA is 6 combos, KK is another 6, so 12 total, AKs is 4 and AKo is 12, so 16 total, so 3/4) and compare them to the odds that you're getting. You could also think about the actions that they took, and depending on that, ask yourself: do they have a lot of value here, do they have a lot of bluffs, does it make sense to bluff here? Those two approaches are basically the same thing, trying to calculate your equity against their whole range. Think back to preflop, then flop, then turn, then river - what cards were on the board back then and what actions did they take? Dont just think "oh they could have any two" and flick in the call - yeah, if a fish limp calls, it goes xx xx, and then they bet 1bb that could be the case, but if you are in a 4b pot against a reg and they go bet bet shove - probably not. If you catch yourself thinking "well i could beat XX" (which im ashamed to admit that i did and sometimes still do), try to force yourself back to thinking about the whole range and actions, or at least ask yourself "what is the worst hand that i lose to and how much of those or better are there".

Lastly, a lot of people will tell you that "nobody bluffs at 2NL, just fold to any aggression, wait for good hands and bet them". I dont think that approach works and some people definitely bluff, and some bluff too much at 2NL. Using a hud will help you to recognize those people and building a proper thinking process will help you catch yourself in the spots where they indeed arent bluffing.

This guy might have questionable skills as a poker player, but i like how he teaches and this video is probably relevant to you:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTHZ-BjW...